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L’acqua più fredda sconvolge l’equilibrio del lago. L’esperto conferma: l’apertura della condotta Adige-Garda può influire sul clima
La galleria della discordia
L’ennesima apertura della condotta Mori-Torbole, con la conseguente immissione di acque dell’Adige nel Garda (a pieno regime la condotta ha una portata di circa 500 metri cubi al secondo, ha destato preoccupazione in coloro che seguono con attenzione le vicende di questo bacino. Sono giustificati questi timori? Tenteremo allora – anche se in modo riduttivo ed alquanto superficiale – di dare una risposta. Un lago rappresenta un episodio temporaneo in una scala di tempi geologici nella vita della superficie terrestre. Esso tende a colmarsi per l’azione degli immissari, per il dilavamento ed erosione delle pareti, per l’azione meccanica connessa con i fenomeni di congelamento, di sgelo, ecc. Si intuisce che, a differenza del mare, un bacino lacustre è di vita effimera e deve essere sorvegliato nel suo evolversi in modo da controllare ed impedire – se possibile – il suo degrado. Il Garda è un lago monomictico, ossia le sue acque non hanno una temperatura inferiore a 4°C a qualunque profondità. D’estate il lago presenta temperature sensibilmente più elevate alla superficie e l’acqua è stratificata. D’inverno l’acqua può scorrere verso il fondo, nelle condizioni di omotermia, quindi di non stratificazione delle acque. Si configurano tre diversi livelli legati al diverso andamento della temperatura, procedendo dalla superficie verso il fondo: l’epilimnio, con temperature elevate e quasi costanti fino a una certa profondità e variabili nel corso della stagione (o della giornata). Questo strato è caratterizzato in generale da acque con turbolenza più o meno sviluppata; il mesolimnio è lo strato di transizione ove la temperatura diminuisce rapidamente con la profondità, oppure aumenta a seconda delle condizioni termiche dell’epilimnio e del sottostante ipolimnio. Quest’ultimo costituisce lo strato in cui la temperatura è – almeno in teoria – costante. Nel mesolimnio si distingue il termoclino che è il piano in cui è massima la variazione di temperatura con la profondità. Il maggior condizionamento delle temperature profonde è determinato dalla temperatura superficiale dello strato di acqua in contatto dell’atmosfera. Inoltre, l’ampiezza dell’epilimnio e del mesolimnio variano con la stagione, con il moto ondoso, ed in modo violento con l’azione perturbatrice esterna di apporti artificiali di acqua, come nel caso di un fiume che non appartiene al bacino imbrifero del lago, ed il cui gradiente termico (differenza di temperatura) rispetto alla superficie lacustre è significativo. L’interazione per l’apporto di acqua esterna al bacino imbrifero – più fredda delle acque superficiali del bacino stesso – determina una differenza di temperatura da una parte all’altra del lago e altera la distribuzione della temperatura con la profondità, determinando gradienti anomali orizzontali e verticali di temperatura, che provocano alterazioni di densità e di correnti nel bacino. Anche lo sviluppo del moto ondoso può risultare alterato, poichè è collegato alle caratteristiche fisiche dell’acqua (densità, tensione superficiale, ecc.). La formazione delle nebbie potrebbe essere esaltata dalla interazione fra le acque relativamente calde del lago e quelle più fredde immesse, innescando una serie di fenomeni complessi non bene identificabili ma certamente collegabili con un effetto di retroazione (feedback). Così, alterando i massimi e i minimi termici annuali delle acque superficiali, si modifica l’effetto di volano termico del lago, che mitiga le stagioni fredda e calda, fungendo da equilibratore delle condizioni climatiche. Con l’immissione di materiali torbidi, si provoca nel lago un maggior assorbimento della luce e si aumentano i fenomeni di scattering (riflessione disordinata) della luce; si induce una variazione del colore del lago, essendo il colore delle acque una funzione dello scattering, dell’effetto delle sospensioni presenti e dei materiali disciolti. Certi colori derivanti da sostanza organica immessa nel lago sono decomponibili per azione fotochimica e l’acqua può così decolorarsi sotto l’azione della luce. Che dire poi dell’ossigeno e dell’anidride carbonica disciolti nelle acque del lago, la cui presenza riveste particolari significati sia dal punto di vista biologico che idrochimico? L’immissione di significative quantità di acque nel lago da parte di una sorgente estranea al suo bacino imbrifero, altera, come si è visto, i gradienti di temperatura e il livello idrometrico del lago. Si verifica un’alterazione della solubilità di questi (e di altri) gas nelle acque del lago. La solubilità dei gas dipende dalla pressione parziale del gas alla superficie dell’acqua: variando il pelo libero dell’acqua a quote diverse, e quindi in condizioni di pressioni parziali diverse, si altera la pressione di un singolo gas; la pressione di un singolo gas – come la pressione atmosferica – decresce con l’altezza. L’ossigeno disciolto, che assume determinati valori in superficie, varia con la profondità a seconda della stratificazione termica, dei moti discendenti dell’acqua, della presenza di fenomeni ossidativi sia inorganici che biologici, infine anche a seconda della profondità, dato che anche la pressione idrostatica influisce sul quantitativo di gas disciolto: aumentando questo, deve aumentare la pressione. L’apporto di nutrienti nel lago, attraverso sostanze inquinanti e di fertilizzanti, può provocare fenomeni di eutrofizzazione che comportano un eccessivo sviluppo di organismi, cui possono seguire danni irreversibili in campo ecologico. Oltre a queste sostanze, le acque che attraversano centri industriali, contengono sostanze organiche e inorganiche provenienti da quelle fabbriche. E’ possibile, con un’immissione di tali acque nel Garda, modificarne le sue condizioni ecologiche, provocando anche una interazione negativa con alcune specie dell’ittiofauna (luccio, carpione, ecc.). Un’alterazione del gradiente superficiale di temperatura, comporta una variazione dei processi di scambio (di calore, di massa) alla superficie del bacino. Il controllo delle acque poteva essere effettuato in continuo da parte dell’Istituto di geofisica e bioclimatologia sperimentale del Garda di Desenzano mediante uno specifico accordo con un importantissimo ente di ricerca statunitense, se all’Istituto fossero stati consegnati gli apparati informatici, già richiesti da molto tempo. Con tale controllo è possibile monitorare gli effetti prodotti dall’interazione delle acque dell’Adige con quelle del nostro lago. prof. Gianfranco Bertazzi docente di Geofisica e laboratorio di Fisica terrestre Università Cattolica del S. Cuore di Brescia
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